The Human Spine
The Functions of the Vertabrae in the Spinal Column
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Divisions of Spinal Segments
Segmental Spinal Cord Level and Function |
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Level | Function |
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C1-C6 | Neck flexors | C1-T1 | Neck extensors | C3, C4, C5 | Supply diaphragm (mostly C4) | C5, C6 | Shoulder movement, raise arm (deltoid); flexion of elbow (biceps); | C6 | externally rotates the arm (supinates) | C6, C7 | Extends elbow and wrist (triceps and wrist extensors); pronates wrist | C7, T1 | Flexes wrist | C7, T1 | Supply small muscles of the hand | T1 -T6 | Intercostals and trunk above the waist | T7-L1 | Abdominal muscles | L1, L2, L3, L4 | Thigh flexion | L2, L3, L4 | Thigh adduction | L4, L5, S1 | Thigh abduction | L5, S1, S2 | Extension of leg at the hip (gluteus maximus) | L2, L3, L4 | Extension of leg at the knee (quadriceps femoris) | L4, L5, S1, S2 | Flexion of leg at the knee (hamstrings) | L4, L5, S1 | Dorsiflexion of foot (tibialis anterior) | L4, L5, S1 | Extension of toes | L5, S1, S2 | Plantar flexion of foot | L5, S1, S2 | Flexion of toes |
(Source: Wikpedia)
The more we use our brains, the better they brains function regardless of age, and the more we stay active the better our brain work and the stronger our bodies become. This can be extremely important as we age. Falls account for 87 percent of fractures in people over 65, they are the second leading cause of injury to the spinal cord and brain in this age group and hip fractures are one of the leading causes of death in the elderly. In fact nearly 60 percent of deaths from falls are people aged 65 years or older. Balance and gait impairment account for 71 percent of falls, a low body-mass index and general frailty and hazards in the home are also important contributory factors. It goes without saying then that exercise is necessary as we age in order to strengthen our muscles, oxygenate our brains and improve our balance and gait. This alone will help to prevent the majority of falls as we age, falls that can lead to paralysis, disability and even death. Osteoporosis screening for women over age 65 is another preventative measure that some health authorities are adopting in order to keep bones strong and protect the elderly from premature disability.
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